THICKENING  MEDIA

SOLUTIONS  OF  POLYSACCHARIDES

-  GUM ARABIC

-  GUM TRAGACANTH

-  LOCUST BEAN GUM

-  GUAR GUM

-  SODIUM  ALGINATE

EMULSIONS

-.  0  I L-  In- WATER

-  WATER-IN-OIL

OIL  IS  USUALLY  VARSOL

SYNTHETIC  (ALL-AQUEOUS)

-  POLYACRYLIC  ACID

-EMA  RESING

ELECTROLYTE SENSITIVE

FOAMS

-          AIR DISPERSED IN WATER

Binders

A product of high molecular weight which is capable of forming a three-dimensional film used to hold the pigment particles in place on the surface of textile substrate

--not necessary when using dyes

--very important in determining fastness properties

Normally synthetic(latex) compounds

     Acrylics

     Vinyl acetates

     Butadienes

Self-crosslinking agents

      Methylolacrylamide

      Methylolmethacrylamide

Sequestering agents

     These are compounds which react with metallic ions in such a way that the metal becomes part of a complex

     EDTA-most popular to use with dyes

     Calgon-often used to soften water

Dispersing agents

Surfactates-used to disperse solid particles,promote paste stability,and increase paste penetration into the fiber.

Similar in use are protective colloids-increasing paste stability.

   Surfactants can be

             Anionic       S-        (acidic)

             Cationic       S+        (basic)

             Nonionic      S         (neutral)

 Hurectants

.  materialsadded to print paste fmtrdatians to print paste  formulations to  prevent water evaporation from the paste-preventing”skin-over” and paste instability.

          Typical humectants

                   Ammonia

                   Triethanolamine

                  Polyalcohols

                  Ethylene glycol

                  Glycerine

                  Urea

Adhesion promoters

       Inrease adhension of binder system to substrate

ie, pigment printing of fiberglass is enhanced by using aminosilane

defoamers

      added to print pastes to minimize formation of foam(before foam printing)

       often silicone surfactants have been used—however,any compound which decreases bubble formation in the print paste and exhibites no adverse effects can be used

Hand Modifiers

        Normally softeners-because binders tend to stiffen the fabric.

Catalysts

       A chemical added to a formulation to increase the speed of  a chemical reaction.

       May be includes in print paste formulation for the binder or for reactive, sulfur, or vat dyes.

        May be acidic or basic.

AUXILIARY CHEMICALS

Those necessary for fixation of dye onto fiber

Reactives—alkall

Vats—reducting agent

Acids—acid

Cationic-acid

Disperse-carrier

Do not incorporate strong ACID,BASES,OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS IN PRINT PASTE.

ACID AGER

Latent reducing agents